Hawaii takes aim at inauthentic island icons

• The turn is the latest sign of a Native Hawaiian renaissance
• The misconceptions come from the way Hawaii is marketed and presented to outsiders
• Many of the images can be traced to the arrival of tiki bars from California

HONOLULU - Coconut bras aren't Hawaiian. Neither are grass skirts. Tiki bars? They're from California. Yet they're all among the most recognizable symbols of a Hawaiian vacation.

Now, many resorts in Hawaii are hoping to change those images, edging away from these kitschy marketing inventions and toward real-life Hawaiian traditions that can make the trip to the islands more special for travelers.

Driving the movement, in part, is economics. Tourism leaders know Hawaii needs to highlight what makes the islands unique to compete with other sun-and-surf destinations like Florida, Mexico and Thailand.

But the turn is also the latest sign of a Native Hawaiian renaissance with more locals studying Hawaiian language, reviving traditional styles of hula and learning ancient skills like using stars to navigate the ocean.

"It's about having that sense of place - understanding who went before us, understanding that Waikiki is a place where we are so deep seated in our culture. And now, there's this resurgence to share it with our guests," said Kehaulani Kam, cultural services director at Starwood Hotels and Resorts Waikiki.

The trend may help improve the dim view many Native Hawaiians have of tourism, the state's largest industry and biggest employer. A 2010 state survey found nearly 60 percent of them don't believe it helps preserve their language and culture.

The disdain was captured in a Saturday Night Live skit in 2009 that drew protests from state officials and praise from others as good satire.

In it, Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson and Fred Armisen play two underpaid entertainers in grass skirts at a Kauai restaurant. Johnson performs a sloppy dance resembling hula and Armisen strums the ukulele. Both sing in gibberish that tourists may think is Hawaiian.

Tourists watching the performance drink tropical cocktails and gush about how happy they are to be in Hawaii, oblivious to the facade.

The misconceptions come from the way Hawaii is marketed and presented to outsiders. Travelers, who see vacation brochures with photos of grass skirts, coconut bras, Samoan fire-knife dancing and Tahitian hula dancers, naturally get the impression these are Hawaiian traditions.

The prominence of many of the images can be traced to the arrival of tiki bars in Hawaii - from California.

Trader Vics and Don the Beachcomber restaurants started the bars on the mainland in the 1930s displaying replicas of Polynesian deities and artifacts from around the Pacific. Trader Vics opened its first Honolulu storefront in 1941, and Don the Beachcomber followed after World War II.

Around that time, "in the 50s is, nighttime shows here shifted from being just Hawaiian, which they had been previously, to Polynesian. That's when you get a knife dancer, torch guys, Tahitian hula," said DeSoto Brown, a historian at Bishop Museum.

The Hawaii Tourism Authority is distributing a new guide to advertisers, travel reporters and others involved in disseminating information about Hawaii that attempts to clarify what is and isn't Hawaiian.

The agency wants people to identify a fire knife dance as Samoan and Tahitian hula as Tahitian when they use photos of various performances. If people want to show Hawaiian hula, they should be sure that's what's depicted in the images.

Keli'ihoalani Wilson, the agency's cultural director, said the aim isn't to knock other Polynesian traditions, but avoid confusion.

"It's all positive stuff. No scolding. Just helping," Wilson said.

For Lori Sablas, the cultural director at the Kaanapali Beach Hotel on Maui, it is about accuracy. "My mandate is: 'How do Hawaiians think? How do Hawaiians act?' Let's not change it. Let's not make it up," she said.

That means they grow taro - called kalo in Hawaiian, it's the starchy vegetable used to make the traditional dish called poi - on the property and prominently display canoes, pahu drums and other traditional artifacts.

It also means mandatory classes, on company time, for staff on Hawaii culture.

The hotel's more than 200 employees went on boat rides to neighboring Lanai, the rural island recently bought by the world's sixth richest man, Oracle Corp. CEO Larry Ellison.

They saw rare native sandalwood trees, heard a Lanai legend about a man who was banished there because he didn't listen to his father and learned about the long-lost art of using stars, waves, birds and other cues from nature to travel between islands.

Some corporate executives might question the investment return on such classes. But Sablas said employees give better, more confident service when they understand Hawaii.

"If our employees really get the connection of what a special place they live in and a special place they work at, they, in turn, will convey it to every guest," she said.

The Walt Disney Co., a master of creating make-believe worlds, has taken the concept farther. The global entertainment giant chose Hawaii as the location for its first major stand-alone resort that isn't a theme park.

Instead of building a Cinderella castle, Disney designed the hotel Aulani around the idea of telling guests about Native Hawaiian culture. One of the hotel's bars - the Olelo Room - has Hawaiian words on the wall, and its bartenders and wait staff speak Hawaiian.

At night, a storyteller regales guests with Hawaiian legends around a fire pit.

In Waikiki, the century-old Moana Surfrider, now a Westin hotel and part of the Starwood chain, last year started inviting guests to a sunrise ceremony to greet the new moon.

A kahu, or caretaker, says a prayer and leads guests to wade into the ocean from the beach in front of the hotel. The act cleanses them of the pilikia, or problems, they have from the previous month and they ask for strength to take on what's to come.

Sometimes, 100 people show up at 5:30 a.m., general manager Craig Anderson said.

"These people are on vacation. They don't have to wake up early but they choose to because they want to experience that," he said. "It's not a helicopter ride. It's not a surf lesson. It's a cultural experience."

WHAT'S NOT HAWAIIAN

Walk along the shops in Waikiki and it isn't hard to come across vendors selling knickknacks of a fake Hawaii - no, the Aloha State doesn't have wild monkeys or parrots. Lei aren't plastic and don't cost 99 cents - they're supposed to be made of real flowers.

Here are some other symbols that have become associated with Hawaii that aren't, well, Hawaiian.

Tiki bars

Two California restaurants, Trader Vics and Don the Beachcomber, started the tiki bar phenomenon in the 1930s. Both opened branches in Honolulu the following decade.

Tiki is a word for carved figure in Maori, the language of the indigenous people of New Zealand. The bars often feature wood carvings, sometimes cartoonish, that vaguely resemble kii, or sacred Hawaiian carved figures of deities and family guardians.

DeSoto Brown, historian at the Bishop Museum in Honolulu, said the restaurants never tied themselves to a specific location. Instead they were based on a fantasy that the proprietors were mercantilists or scavengers who traveled the Pacific.

The restaurants evolved further after World War II, and spread around the U.S. to become an American fad.

"Those two guys invented tropical cocktails, gave them funny names and put little accessories in them. Like zombie this, mai tai that," Brown said.

Grass skirts

They were introduced to Hawaii by immigrants to Hawaii from the Gilbert Islands (small atolls that are today part of the Pacific Island nation of Kiribati) in the 1870s and 1880s.

Brown said Hawaiian hula dancers most likely started wearing them in performances while traveling on the U.S. mainland vaudeville circuit. The skirts were practical because they were dry and thus easy to carry to the mainland.

Hawaiians traditionally wore skirts made from fresh ti leaves, which can't be found on the mainland. By early 1900s, hula performers in Hawaii and the U.S. mainland wore grass skirts. Some hula performers still wear grass skirts today.

Torch lighting ceremonies

Many hotels today have an event at dusk at which men in loincloths light torches around the properties. This ritual was invented by Grace Guslander, the manager of the Coco Palms Hotel on Kauai, where part of the Elvis Presley movie Blue Hawaii was filmed.

Hawaiians traditionally used torches as a light source when walking or fishing at night. But it wasn't until the 1950s and Guslander that it became common to stick torches in the ground for lighting, Brown said.

Torch lighting enjoyed brief Internet fame last year when a scantily dressed man carrying a torch ran behind Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Donald Tsang, Hong Kong's then-chief executive while they were posing for photos outside at an Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation meeting.

A short video clip of the scene and a startled Clinton laughing became an online hit.

Coconut bras

It's not clear where coconut bras came from, though they are worn by some female hula and Tahitian hula dancers. Women from Pacific islands traditionally didn't wear tops at all, so they most likely originated at some point after first contact with Westerners, Brown said.

Fire-knife dances

Paramount Chief Letuli Olo Misilagi of American Samoa, also known as Freddie Letuli, invented the fire-knife dance. He told a newspaper in 2003 he came up with the idea in San Francisco when he saw a young girl performing with light bulbs and a Hindu man who blew flames from his mouth.

Letuli said he was inspired to show his version of playing with fire was more unique than theirs.