Obama: 'Because they marched, America became more free'

• Obama began his season of reflection with the commencement address at Morehouse%2C King%27s alma mater
• Recently the president has tried to shift the focus from race to class
• Former presidents Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton also paid tribute to Martin Luther King Jr.

WASHINGTON — In his address to thousands who gathered on the National Mall on Wednesday to mark the 50th anniversary of the March on Washington, President Obama paid tribute to civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. and to the anonymous millions who stood by King's side during the civil rights fight of the 1960s.

Obama remembered those who could not marry the ones they loved because of so-called anti-miscegenation laws, African-American soldiers who fought for freedom abroad that they could not enjoy on U.S. soil and white Americans who could not abide discrimination and sacrificed sometimes with their own blood.

"Because they marched, America became more free and more fair," Obama said. "Not just for African Americans but for women and Latinos, Asians and Native Americans, for Catholics, Jews and Muslims, for gays, for Americans with disabilities. America changed for you and for me. And the entire world drew strength from that example."

Before Obama took the stage Wednesday, former presidents Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton offered stirring tributes to King.

Carter lamented what King might have thought about the recent Supreme Court ruling that gutted the voting rights laws that he fought for or the high unemployment and incarceration rates plaguing the African-American community.

"There is a tremendous agenda ahead of us," Carter said.

Clinton spoke about the racial divide he said still exists in the USA and the myriad problems facing the nation. He suggested that King would be disappointed by the partisan division that roils Washington. Clinton posited that King "did not die to hear his heirs whine about political gridlock."

"It's time to stop complaining and put our shoulders against the stubborn gates holding Americans back," Clinton said.

Obama wondered if over the years, the progress that came in closing racial disparities as a result of the fight by King and his contemporaries obscured the fact that the March on Washington was not just about a pursuit of racial justice but also about solving economic inequity.

"They were there seeking jobs as well as justice," he said, "not just the absence of oppression but the presence of economic opportunity. For what does it profit a man, Dr. King would ask, to sit at an integrated lunch counter if he can't afford the meal."

When it comes to economic opportunity — the idea that anyone can improve his or her lot through honest work — Obama said the country has fallen short of King's vision, not just for the black community but for all working Americans.

Though there have been examples of success in the African-American community that would have been unimaginable a half-century ago, black unemployment remains nearly twice as high as unemployment for whites, and Latinos are close behind. Middle-class Americans' wages have stagnated while corporate profits have soared, Obama said.

"The position of all working Americans, regardless of color, has eroded, making the dream Dr. King described more elusive," Obama said.

Obama was just a toddler when king delivered his seminal "I have a dream" address 50 years ago, but the words of the civil rights leader have served as a rhetorical and moral guidepost throughout his presidency.

As he emerged as a long-shot presidential candidate in 2008, Obama often quoted King on the campaign trail that the "arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice." In his 2008 election night victory speech, Obama echoed King's "I've been to the mountaintop" speech when he intoned, "The road ahead will be long, our climb will be steep."

In the lead-up to the 50th anniversary commemoration of the March on Washington on Wednesday, Obama, the son of a black man from Kenya and a white woman from Kansas, has embraced his role as the personification of King's dream while repeatedly questioning whether the nation has lived up to that dream.

The president said building on King's legacy requires "constant vigilance, not complacency" on issues ranging from voters rights to funding of schools.

"Medgar Evers, James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, Michael Schwerner, Martin Luther King Jr., they did not die in vain," said Obama, listing some of the giants of the civil rights era. "Their victory was great. But we would dishonor those heroes as well to suggest that the work of this nation is somehow complete. The arc of the moral universe may bend towards justice, but it doesn't bend on its own."

Obama's address was the culminating moment for the president in a summer in which he has repeatedly reflected on King's legacy and taken stock of the country's progress and failures in creating a more economically and racially just society.

Obama began his season of reflection in May when he delivered the commencement address at Atlanta's Morehouse College, the nation's pre-eminent historically black college and alma mater of King.

In a persistent rain, Obama spoke to the graduates about their direct connection to King, who entered the college as a serious 15-year-old boy nicknamed "Tweed" by his classmates for the suits he wore, and his own rise to leader of the free world.

"Over the last 50 years, thanks to the moral force of Dr. King and a Moses generation that overcame their fear and their cynicism and their despair, barriers have come tumbling down, and new doors of opportunity have swung open, and laws and hearts and minds have been changed to the point where someone who looks just like you can somehow come to serve as president of these United States of America," Obama said.

In more recent comments as he reflected on King's legacy, Obama has tried to shift the focus from race to class and frame the struggle in a way that resonates broadly to Americans as the economy continues to limp along.

Last week as he spoke to college students in New York state, Obama noted the progress the country has made but suggested economic discrimination remains rampant.

"Each generation seems wiser about wanting to treat people fairly and do the right thing and not discriminate, and that's a great victory that we should all be very proud of," Obama said. "On the other hand, what we've also seen is the legacy of discrimination, slavery, Jim Crow has meant that some of the institutional barriers for success for a lot of groups still exist. African-American poverty in this country is still significantly higher than other groups. The same is true for Latinos, same is true for Native Americans."

Obama went even further in his 27-minute tribute at the Lincoln Memorial, warning that the country is at a critical point in American history.

"We might not face the same dangers of 1963, but the fierce urgency of now remains," he said. "We may never duplicate the swelling crowds and dazzling procession of that day so long ago — no one can match King's brilliance — but the same flame that lit the hearts of all who are willing to take a first step for justice, I know that flame remains."

Before the speech, Obama attempted to lower expectations.

"When you are talking about Dr. King's speech at the March on Washington, you're talking about one of the maybe five greatest speeches in American history," Obama said in a radio interview Tuesday. "And the words that he spoke at that particular moment, with so much at stake, and the way in which he captured the hopes and dreams of an entire generation, I think, is unmatched."

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